![]() To begin, no form of ignorance can be properly considered without explicitly tracking who is attributing it to whom. In this post, I will concentrate on unknown unknowns, what they are, and how they may be identified. What does it mean to not know what is known, or to not know what is unknown? And how can we convert either of these into their known counterparts? Source: Adapted from Kerwin (1993) by Smithson in Bammer et al. The latter two categories have caused some befuddlement. Crosstabulating these produced “known knowns”, “known unknowns”, “unknown knowns”, and unknown unknowns”. The other margin comprised the adjectives “known” and “unknown”. ![]() One margin of the table consisted of “knowns” and “unknowns”. ![]() In a 1993 paper, philosopher Ann Kerwin elaborated a view on ignorance that has been summarized in a 2×2 table describing crucial components of metacognition (see figure below). By Michael Smithson Michael Smithson ( biography) ![]()
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